A peer-reviewed, evidence-based journal for clinicians in the field of neuroscience
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Innovations in CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE [ V O L U M E 1 2 , N U M B E R 7 – 8 , J U L Y – A U G U S T 2 0 1 5 ] 26 unidimensional model, although, according to them, further analyses suggested that some errors may have more clinical significance than others. 3 The inter-rater reliability of the CD-Quest proved to be strong. This agreement is believed to be attributed to clear explanation of the definitions of cognitive distortions and examples given to the participants before filling in the questionnaires. Limitations. As the CD-Quest was developed to be used in clinical contexts, an obvious and important limitation of this study is that we did not use a clinical sample. Rather, our study comprised a sample of undergraduate students from a single region of Brazil, which prevents the generalizability of the findings to other contexts, such as general and clinical populations. However, it is not uncommon for researchers to first test a clinically useful measure with nonclinical samples and then proceed to the next stage of validation (i.e., testing it in clinical samples). 3 With this in mind, future studies evaluating the psychometric aspects of this questionnaire in diversified samples, especially in the general population, are necessary. In general, we conclude that the CD-Quest in its Brazilian Portuguese version is adequate in terms of its psychometric quality, with satisfactory validity and reliability indices. REFERENCES 1. Alford BA, Beck AT. The Integrative Power of Cognitive Therapy. New York (NY): Guilford Press; 1997. 2. Beck AT. Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York (NY): Meridian; 1976. 3. Covin R, Dozois DJA, Ogniewicz A, Seeds PM. Measuring cognitive errors: initial development of the cognitive distortions scale (CDS). Int J Cognit Ther. 2012;4(3):297–322. 4. Hollon DH, Kendall PC. Cognitive self-statements in depression: development of an Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. Cognit Ther Res. 1980;4(4):383–395. 5. Krantz S, Hammer C. Assessment of cognitive bias in depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 1979;88(6):611–619. 6. Lefebvre MF. Cognitive distortion and cognitive errors in depressed psychiatric and low back pain patients. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1981;49(4):517–525. 7. Weissman AN, Beck AT. Development and validation of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale: a preliminary investigation. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association; 1978 Mar 27–31; Toronto. 8. Beck AT, Butler AC, Brown GK, et al. Dysfunctional beliefs discriminate personality disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39(10):1213–1225. 9. Young JE. Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Schema-focused Approach, Third Edition. Sarasota (FL): Professional Resources Press; 1999. 10. Beck JS. Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond, Second Edition. New York (NY): Guilford Press; 2011. 11. de Oliveira IR. Trial-based cognitive therapy (TBCT): a new cognitive-behavior therapy approach. In: de Oliveira IR, Schwartz T, Stahl S (eds). Integrating Psychotherapy and Psychopharmacology: A Handbook for Clinicians. New York (NY): Routledge; 2014:24–65. 12. de Oliveira IR. Trial-Based Cognitive Therapy: A Manual for Clinicians. New York (NY): Routledge; 2015. 13. de Oliveira IR. Terapia cognitiva processual (TCP): uma nova abordagem de terapia cognitivo- comportamental. In: de Oliveira IR, Schwartz T, Stahl S (eds). Integrando Psicoterapia e Psicofarmacologia. Porto Alegre (RS): Artmed; 2015:26–65. 14. Beck AT, Rush A, Shaw B, Emery G. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York (NY): Guilford; 1979. 15. Burns DD. Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy. New York (NY): Signet; 1980. 16. Dryden W, Ellis A. Rational emotive behavior therapy. In: Dobson KS (ed). Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies, Second Edition. New York (NY): Guilford Press; 2001:295–348. 17. Leahy RL. Cognitive Therapy Techniques: A Practitioner´s Guide. New York (NY): Guilford Press; 2003. 18. Williams JB, Kobak KA, Bech P, et FIGURE 2. Confirmatory factor analysis of the CD-Quest